Surface area of a ceramic body and ceramic body

ABSTRACT

A dental implant with a post element is inserted into a jawbone with a mounting element attached to the post element, with the post element designed as a ceramic body of yttrium- and/or aluminum oxide stabilized zirconium oxide. The dental implant has improved ingrowth during osseous implant healing. The surface of the dental implant is provided with at least one partial area that has nanoscopic pores or an otherwise executed nanoscopic structure that has a depletion zone with a reduced yttrium- and/or aluminum oxide element.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national stage application under 35 U.S.C. 371 of PCT Application No. PCT/EP2007/005681 having an international filing date of 27 Jun. 2007, which designated the United States, which PCT application claimed the benefit of German Application No. 102006034866.4 filed 25 Jul. 2006, the entire disclosure of each of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a dental implant with a post element that can be inserted into a jawbone and with a mounting element associated with same, to which mounting element a dental prosthesis element can be attached, with the post element being embodied as an yttrium- and/or aluminum oxide-stabilized zirconium oxide-based ceramic body.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Dental implants are known in a wide variety of forms. They are usually used through screwing into the jawbone at the site of a tooth which has been extracted or has fallen out in order to hold a prosthetic mounting element or a crown as a dental prosthesis after a healing phase of three to four months. To this end, such a dental implant is usually embodied as an appropriately-shaped metal or ceramic body and shaped in the manner of a pin and has at its apical end a mostly self-cutting screw thread with which the pin is inserted into the appropriately-prepared implant bed.

As a rule, dental implants are manufactured from titanium, zirconium, niobium or tantalum or of histocompatible alloys which contain one of these elements as the main component. Moreover, dental implants are also manufactured from ceramics. The ceramics used are usually zirconium oxide-based ceramics in which the tetragonal phase is stabilized preferably through the admixture of yttrium oxide (TZP, TZP-A with aluminum oxide components) or which are reinforced through the (usually additional) admixture of aluminum oxide, aluminum oxide [sic] (ATZ ceramics). However, other aluminum oxide-based dental implants are also known.

The goal of all of these implants is that the osseous tissue be given the opportunity to quickly and permanently bond with the implant surface. There is also talk of so-called osseointegration here. In this context, it has already been known for some time that the microscopic structure of the implant surfaces has a special importance for the promotion of osseointegration. In particular, porous surfaces with a pore size in the micrometer range have proven advantageous up to now. As a result of the enlarged contact surface between implant and bone, bone growth is promoted and the rate of bone accretion after the post-operative trauma is therefore increased.

For example, ceramic-based dental implants of the above-named type are described in EP 1 450 722 B1, in which a roughening in the post element with a roughness depth of 4 μm to 20 μm is provided in order to promote osseointegration. There, surface structures are first produced through radiation treatment.

Moreover, metallic dental implants with a homogenous nanostructured surface are known from DE 20 2005 002 450 U1. As a result of an especially favorable wetting behavior, such nanostructured surfaces appear to promote the growing-in of the implants and the integration into the osseous tissue.

The methods known up to now for the surface structuring of ceramic bodies, particularly for use as dental implants, particularly comprise sandblasting, etching and laser treatment. The ceramic dental implants currently available on the market are usually sandblasted and generally have a roughness depth of 0.5 μm to ca. 4 μm.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Although the above-named approaches have already been able to achieve improvements in the ingrowth behavior of the dental implants, there continues to be a desire for even more extensive improvements in this regard.

It is therefore the object of the invention to propose a dental implant of the aforementioned type which has a further-improved ingrowth or integration behavior during the healing into the bone.

This object is achieved according to the invention in that the surface of the dental implant is provided at least in a partial area with a structure that has nanoscopic pores or an otherwise executed nanoscopic structure, and in that it has a depletion zone with a reduced yttrium and/or aluminum oxide element compared with the internal volume.

The invention takes the idea as a starting point that an especially extensive promotion of the osseointegration can be achieved by designing, in particular, the surface structure in the relevant area of the post element in an uncompromising manner such that it supports osseointegration. For this purpose, a surface structure on a nanoscopic scale, i.e. particularly with nanoscopic pores, which is conducive to this objective should be made available. As it surprisingly turned out during the use of yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide for the ceramic body, the formation of such nanoscopic structures or pores near the surface can be encouraged greatly by performing a targeted reshaping of the tetragonal crystal structure (present in the internal volume of the ceramic body) of the yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide into the monocline crystal structure. To achieve this in an especially simple manner, the targeted removal of the yttrium portion from the material is provided for near the surface, which brings about the transformation and formation of the monocline phase.

The production of the depletion zone in the surface area provided for in this manner by the invention which ends up bringing about the desired structure and the desired characteristics upon connection with the body tissue can be achieved, in particular, through the selective extraction of individual components such as, for example, chemical elements and/or oxides from the surface, preferably through an appropriately-selected etching process. Such favorable structures can be produced, in particular, by extracting from the surface individual elements and/or individual metal oxides located in the ceramic (zirconium oxide, aluminum oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, etc.), particularly yttrium oxide and hafnium oxide. A depletion zone of these metal oxides is thus produced on and/or in the area of the surface near the boundary.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

To wit, through the treatment of the ceramic base body in the manner of etching and, particularly, of intercrystalline etching, a specific nanostructure is formed on the surface. A multitude of comparatively small pores or recesses with an average extension in the sub-micrometer range, preferably smaller than 500 nm and particularly smaller than 250 nm, can be found here. Such structures can be detected, for example, by means of electron microscope imaging. The surface is characterized particularly in that the depth of the nanostructure, which is to say the depth of the pores that can be produced here, is greater than the structural width, i.e. the characteristic lateral extension of the produced structures.

The ratio in the nanostructure between the structural depth and the structural width is expediently greater than 1:1, preferably greater than 1.5:1 and particularly greater than 2:1.

The depletion zone is advantageously arranged in a portion of the post element which can be inserted into a jawbone.

Through the production of the depletion zone, the occurrence of a nanoscopic structure with the described characteristics is aided and/or made possible. Moreover, it is suspected that the oxides of the ceramics used, particularly hafnium isotopes, have radioactive characteristics. If these are detached from the surface and are not in direct contact with the bone and/or tissue cells, this can have a positive influence on bone growth and bone preservation.

Some investigations with respect to wetting characteristics have shown that there are two particular factors for the wetting characteristics of surfaces. The first factor for the wetting characteristics is the degree of hydrocarbon contamination on the surface. Wetting experiments with water and samples of titanium have shown that, immediately after etching, a hydrophilic behavior with wetting angles of less than 15° is present. After several hours of storage of the samples under exposure to air, this behavior diminishes and can end up becoming hydrophobic.

The second factor can be described as follows. Depending on the structures smaller than 100 μm, especially smaller than 10 μm and particularly smaller than 0.5 μm, it is observed that the wetting behavior can be influenced toward hydrophilia or hydrophobia. It turned out that in structures with this structure size and with pointed and sharp-edged elevations, the wetting characteristics change toward hydrophobic behavior. Elevations with such a structure size and rounded-off or harmonic elevations change the wetting behavior toward hydrophilia. Structures with the described dimensions in which the elevations have average radii that are greater than 5 nm, preferably greater than 10 nm and particularly greater than 50 nm but smaller than 500 nm, have proven to be especially favorable. Further investigations have shown that this behavior is applicable to ceramic surfaces as well.

Particularly in zirconium oxide-based ceramics, especially favorable wetting characteristics were detected when the structures are smaller than 1 μm, preferably smaller than 0.5 μm and particularly smaller than 0.2 μm, and the elevations have average radii that are greater than 5 nm, preferably greater than 10 nm and particularly greater than 50 nm but smaller than 500 nm. Depending on the structure in the structural size range between 50 nm and 50 μm, a capillary effect occurs prior to the contamination with hydrocarbons and/or through the superimposition of the described nanostructure. Said nanostructure is characterized in that water rises upward against the force of gravity on the surface, particularly on a dental implant. This characteristic proves to be especially favorable since, in this manner, proteins, particularly the BPM proteins, can be stored in and/or on the surface and/or accumulated in large quantities. This occurs either as a result of the surface being wetted with blood or the implants being pretreated with a protein-enriched liquid.

In a ceramic surface with hydrophilic characteristics (wetting angle less than 15°) and in a nanostructure in which the ratio between the structural depth and the structural width is greater than 1:1, advantageously greater than 1.5:1 and particularly greater than 2:1, there is the possibility that the proteins will get caught in the structures and be available to promote bone growth.

The microscopic surface enlargement available for the dental implant by way of the depletion zone is characterized in that mostly round craters are formed which resemble a lunar landscape. Th[ese] craters are characterized in that the ratio between structural depth and structural width is less than 1:1, preferably less than 1:2 and particularly less than 1:5. The craters have a diameter of greater than 0.5 μm, particularly greater than 1 μm and less than 60 μm and particularly less than 40 μm. The depth of the craters is typically less than 4 μm, advantageously less than 3 μm and particularly less than 2 μm.

The good wetting characteristics of the ceramic body that can be achieved with the invention are also especially well-suited to especially advantageous use in dental or other bone implants and other applications as well. For example, these characteristics also prove to be especially important in the attachment of ceramic bodies by means of an adhesive, lacquer, cement, etc., and are therefore especially advantageous when used in conjunction with adhesive compounds of any kind. As a result, ceramic prosthetic elements (crowns, bridges, inlays, onlays) were able to be joined with a better bond to the attaching adhesive/cement than previously.

If an adhesive or other liquid fastening material wets the entire surface as a result of good wetting characteristics, a liquid transition occurs between the ceramic workpiece and the fastening material (preferably an adhesive). In this manner, optimized retention characteristics occur and an optimized bond is created between workpiece and fastening material. These characteristics can be preferably used in all areas in which zirconium oxide- or aluminum oxide-based ceramic workpieces are used.

By virtue of the favorable wetting characteristics of the surface, the flow characteristics in liquids and gases of ceramic workpieces with such a surface are also influenced.

Moreover, with regard to the phase characteristics, analysis has shown that the ratio between the tetragonal and the monocline phase changed as a result of one of the above-described treatments on the surface. After the sintering process and prior to insertion into the patient's mouth, the proportion of the monocline phase in the surface was able to be increased or reduced by means of such a process to or by at least 0.1%, preferably to or by more than 0.5% and particularly to or by more than 1.5%. Since the surface is placed under pressure through the lower density of the monocline phase, the initial formation of cracks is inhibited in this manner and an increase in the initial strength can be expected.

Particularly, the production of the provided depletion zone in the surface of the ceramic body can occur by means of an etching process in an appropriately-selected acid bath. The provided reaction partners for the ceramic of the base body, which is to say the ions with components from the VII^(th) main group of the periodic system of elements, are able to act here particularly as halogens for the respective metals. In particular, the acid bath can comprise ions which consist of the elements fluorine (F) or chlorine (Cl) or include these as components. During treatment in the acid bath, the possibility is brought about for the ions of the acid to chemically change the surface and remain on the surface as contaminants.

Some of the abovementioned ions are also required for cell growth. Consequently, these contaminants can be produced intentionally and be detectable on the surface in the range of greater than 0.1%, preferably greater than 1% and particularly greater than 3%, and have a positive influence on bone growth.

The very nanostructures occurring in this process appear to generally promote the wetting behavior of the ceramic body or, when used as a dental implant, to promote the protein accretion and collagen and cell bonding. Chemical characteristics of the surface in the micrometer range and in the nanometer range also play a substantial role here (e.g. hydrophilic or hydrophobic, doped or pure, etc.). In the present case, an advantage of the ceramic or implant surfaces produced or prepared using the method according to the invention which is especially important for oral implantology appears to consist particularly in the fact that they have a markedly hydrophilic nature which is not lost even after long-term contact of the implant body with the Earth's atmosphere, for example.

The contact angle which a drop of liquid wetting the surface forms with the surface can be used as a measure of hydrophilic character. As has been shown, the ceramic surfaces treated according to the novel method lead to a decidedly good wettability with contact angles of less than 10°, particularly with water. This means that drops of liquid on the surface have the shape of a very flat spherical cap. In addition, the thus-expressed hydrophilic nature of the produced metal bodies remains durably intact even over a time period of more than a few days.

The dental implant, and its ceramic body in particular, is preferably manufactured using a specifically selected method. For this purpose, an implant base body is preferably used as the ceramic base body which is provided with a microstructured, preferably sandblasted, laser-treated and/or etched surface. The implant surface of the dental implant manufactured in this manner has a multitude of irregularly arranged but statistically approximately homogeneously distributed pores with a roughness depth of ca. 0.5 μm to 20 μm on the one hand, but craters with a diameter of 0.5 μm to ca. 60 μm are produced on the other hand which have a roughness depth of less than 4 μm and particularly less than 2 μm and additionally have the described nanoscopic structure. Dental implants designed in this manner strongly support and accelerate the healing process occurring after the implantation through stimulation of the activity of the bone-forming cells, the osteoblasts. Even so, the manufacturing process for the implant is comparatively simple and cost-effective to carry out and control, even on an industrial scale. The process parameters are preferably selected such that a nanostructure of the above-described type forms on the surface of the implant base body superimposed on the microstructure.

The ceramic body is preferably embodied as a bone implant, especially preferably as a dental implant, preferably of a zirconium oxide-based ceramic, a zirconium oxide-containing ceramic or an aluminum oxide-containing ceramic, advantageously with a microstructured surface, with a nanostructure being superimposed on the microstructure and with nitrogen atoms and/or oxygen compounds being preferably accumulated in the area of the surface.

The advantages attained with the invention consist particularly in the fact that, by means of a chemical process that is simple and cost-effective to carry out, a ceramic body, particularly for use as a dental implant, with a nanostructure and a nano-roughness can be manufactured which has an advantageous effect on the healing process after anchoring of the implant in the jawbone and, particularly, also affects the attainable strength of the bond between bone and implant. Through the doping of foreign atoms, particularly nitrogen atoms, into the implant surface, the effect can be amplified even more. What is more, by virtue of the nano-scale surface structure of the ceramic body with regard to the hydrophilic characteristics and/or capillary effects associated therewith, liquids can be introduced especially simply and effectively into the surface. This could be used, for example, to place medications or other agents or reagents on the surface. However, other advantageous applications are also conceivable due to the good wettability, with the application of lacquers, adhesives or other surface coatings onto the ceramic body being facilitated considerably, for example.

The especially favorable hydrophilic behavior of the treated surface obtained through the obtained nanostructure or nano-roughness can be recognized, for example, through the thereby-obtained characteristic wetting angle, which is particularly less than 15°. In addition, as a result of the nanopores, nanostructures, the doping or accretion of nitrogen atoms/compounds on and/or at the surface, the thus-obtained hydrophilic behavior lasts comparatively longer than in a ceramic surface that has been chemically activated.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Sample embodiments of the invention are explained in further detail on the basis of a drawing.

FIG. 1 shows a dental implant in partially sectional side elevation,

FIG. 2 shows electron-microscopic images of implant surfaces produced by means of chemical treatment with the described nanostructure, and

FIG. 3 shows electron-microscopic images of implant surfaces produced by means of chemical treatment with the described microstructure.

FIG. 1, in an elevation and partially in an axial section, shows a two-part dental implant 1 with a post element 2 and with a mounting element 4. The post element 2 and preferably also the head or mounting element 4 consist of ceramic. Here, the post element 2 is formed from yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide and embodied as a step screw. It contains three steps 6 to 8 which respectively have a self-cutting thread 10 to 12 with equal slope. The step 6 nearest the apical end 14 possesses the smallest diameter. The step 9 nearest the mounting element 4, by contrast, has a smooth, cylindrical outer surface. The post element 2 possesses at the coronal end 15 an internal bore 16 into which the head or mounting element 4 is inserted and which further contains an internal thread 18. The connection of the mounting element 4 with the post element 2 occurs by means of a screw (not shown here) which is fed through a through hole 20 of the mounting element 4 and screwed into the internal thread 18. A crown 22 or the like can be connected in a known manner with the mounting element 4.

The post element 2 and the mounting element 4 can also be embodied as a single-piece variant.

The post element 2 is anchored in an appropriately-prepared implant bed of the jawbone. The thread construction ensures a high level of primary stability and a uniform transfer into the jawbone of the forces occurring during masticatory stress. Moreover, the bone is intended to grow as directly as possible against the implant during the healing phase following the implantation and connect closely therewith. This process, known as osseointegration, is improved considerably through a targeted roughening of the implant surface.

CONTINUED DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

To produce this roughening, an appropriately-selected treatment is provided. Through an appropriate etching process, for example in an appropriately-selected acid bath, the depletion zone in the surface of the ceramic body is produced which is characterized by a lower proportion of selected materials in comparison to the internal volume of the ceramic body, particularly of yttrium used for the stabilization of the zirconium oxide, and consequently also by a lower proportion of the crystallographic monocline phase. This results in the very favorable surface roughnesses on a nanoscopic and microscopic scale shown in FIG. 2 and FIG. 3.

-   -   In one embodiment, a zirconium oxide dental implant comprises         yttrium-stabilized TZP, TZP-A and ATZ ceramics. Special features         of the surface may include at least one of additives         (metals/metal oxides) such as, for example, yttrium/oxide,         aluminum/oxide, hafnium/oxide in the TZP zirconium ceramic,         reduced at the surface by more than 5%, preferably more than 25%         and particularly more than 50%. Additional features may         include: a) structuring through selective and/or         intercrystalline etching or corrosion through varying etching         speeds, and b) isotopes of hafnium can be radioactive. It is         noted that hafnium is technically quite difficult to separate         from yttrium. This often results in a contamination of yttrium         stabilized ceramics with hafnium, which can lead to a         radioactive effect, albeit a very slight one. The removal of         these materials can have a favorable effect on the radioactive         characteristics of the surface.     -   In one embodiment (termed embodiment 2), the proportions of the         monocline phase in the surface are increased by at least 0.25%,         preferably by 1% and particularly by more than 2%. Such features         bring about a lower density in the area of the surface and hence         the sealing of microcracks. The result is a greater initial         strength.     -   In one embodiment, the surface has a crater structure (termed         embodiment 3.) These craters are predominantly rounded. The         craters have a diameter of ca. 1 μm to ca. 60 μm. The roughness         depth is 0.5 μm to a maximum of 3.9 μm.     -   In one embodiment, the surface also has a structural size or         porosity of less than 0.5 μm, preferably less than 0.2 μm and         particularly less than 0.1 μm. In one embodiment, the structural         depth is at least as large as the structural width of the         structure in the immediately-preceding sentence. Note that if         blood, other secretions or liquids with protein components,         preferably the BMP protein, penetrates to the surface through         capillary effects, this structure (i.e. that described in this         paragraph) encourages the adhesion through mechanical retentions         on the surface. The surface can therefore be used as storage for         proteins or other additives.     -   In one embodiment, the surface is “fluoridated” or enriched with         fluoride ions and/or modified with fluorine. Note that in order         to grow, cells need small quantities of fluorine and/or fluorine         ions. The accretion of small quantities of fluorine and/or         fluorine ions encourages and/or accelerates cell growth. As a         consequence, the healing time of implants can be shortened.     -   One embodiment of a method of manufacturing comprises the         following steps:     -   1. General modification of the surface per any or all of the         above embodiments     -   2. Surface treatment with a surface modification per any or all         of the above embodiments in liquid and/or gaseous media.     -   3. Medium (such as per embodiment 2 above) is one of the         elements of the 3^(rd) to the 7^(th) main group of the periodic         table of elements.     -   4. Medium (such as per embodiment 2 and/or 3 above) is         hydrofluoric acid as the main component.     -   5. The temperature of the medium is maintained between 30° C.         and 300° C., preferably between 50° C. and 130° C.     -   6. Duration of application longer than 1.1 min., preferably         longer than 3 min. and particularly longer than 10 min.     -   7. Flat surface removal rate of at least 0.1 μm, preferably         greater than 0.5 μm and particularly greater than 2 μm. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A dental implant, comprising: a post element insertable into a jawbone, said post element having a mounting element attachable to a dental prosthesis element, said post element having a yttrium-stabilized zirconium oxide-based ceramic body, said body having a surface portion, said surface portion having a depletion zone, said depletion zone depleted of yttrium oxide relative to the body, said depletion zone having irregularly arranged nanoscopic pores, wherein the depletion zone is arranged in a portion of the post, said depletion zone comprising a connection area between said post and said jawbone to facilitate osseointegration, and wherein the depletion zone is depleted of yttrium oxide by at least 5% relative to the body.
 2. The dental implant of claim 1, wherein said post element is comprised of the same ceramic base material in its interior volume and on its surface.
 3. The dental implant as set forth in claim 1, wherein a content of yttrium oxide on said surface is less than an yttrium oxide content in said internal volume.
 4. The dental implant as set forth in claim 1, wherein a crystallographic structure of said surface is different than said internal volume.
 5. The dental implant as set forth in claim 1, wherein the surface has a substantially rounded crater structure comprising craters of diameter between 1 μm and 60 μm and a roughness in the range of 2-6 μm and wherein the nanoscopic pores have a depth of less than 1 μm.
 6. The dental implant as set forth in claim 1, wherein the surface provides for increased bond strength between stabilized zirconia and other material, wherein said stabilized zirconia comprises ZrO₂ and at least one stabilizing compound.
 7. The dental implant as set forth in claim 1, further comprising stabilizers selected from the group consisting of MgO, CaO, Y₂O₃, CeO₂, Al₂O₃, Sc₂O₃ and Yb₂O₃.
 8. The dental implant as set forth in claim 1, further comprising a stabilizer present in an amount from 0.05 to 10% mol %.
 9. The dental implant as set forth in claim 1, wherein at least said ceramic body has a mechanical strength, wherein an initial strength of said ceramic body is increased due to the combination of monocline and tetragonal phase crystalline structure of stabilized zirconium oxide ceramic.
 10. The dental implant as set forth in claim 1, wherein said ceramic body comprises 3Y-TZP.
 11. The dental implant as set forth in claim 1, wherein a bond strength of said surface is increased due to the nanostructure of said surface, affecting the attainable strength of the bond between bone and implant, wherein said surface has increased surface energy and an increased bond strength as compared to-materials without nanoscopic pores.
 12. The dental implant of claim 1, wherein said body has an internal tetragonal crystal structure and said depletion zone has a monocline structure. 